Slit Lamp Examination

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Fundus Check

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Fundus Camera Photography

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Fluorescein Angiography

Fluorescein angiography, a clinical test to look at blood circulation inside the back of the eye, aids in the diagnosis of retinal conditions associated with diabetes, age-related macular degeneration, and other eye abnormalities. The test can also help follow the course of a disease and monitor its treatment. It may be repeated on multiple occasions with no harm to the eye or body.

Fluorescein is an orange-red dye that is injected into a vein in the arm. The dye travels through the body to the blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive nerve layer at the back of the eye. A special camera with a green filter flashes a blue light into the eye and takes multiple photographs of the retina. The technique uses regular photographic film, or, more commonly, is performed with digital equipment. No X-rays are involved.

If there are abnormal blood vessels, the dye leaks into the retina or stains the blood vessels. Damage to the lining of the retina or atypical new blood vessels may be revealed as well. These abnormalities are determined by a careful interpretation of the photographs by Dr Mavrikakis.

The dye can discolor skin and urine until it is removed from the body by the kidneys. There is little risk in having fluorescein angiography, though some people may have mild allergic reactions to the dye. Severe allergic reactions have been reported but only very rarely. Being allergic to X- ray dyes with iodine does not mean you will be allergic to fluorescein. Occasionally, some of the dye leaks out of the vein at the injection site, causing a slight burning sensation that usually goes away quickly.

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Tonometry (Goldman)

To test for glaucoma, a disease that can cause blindness when too much pressure in your eye damages the optic nerve, Dr Mavrikakis will use a tonometer to measure your intraocular pressure.

Applanation tonometry is one option. Dr Mavrikakis will give you eyedrops containing an anesthetic and fluorescein dye to numb the front surface of your eye and will then use a manual tonometer to gently touch your cornea and measure the force required to flatten it. This procedure is quick and painless, and the anesthetic will wear off in 10 minutes.

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Pachymetry
Dr Mavrikakis may also use pachymetry to measure the thickness of your cornea, which helps evaluate the accuracy of your intraocular pressure measurement. After applying numbing eyedrops, Dr Mavrikakis will use ultrasonic waves to measure your corneal thickness. This test is also a critical component of evaluating a patient’s candidacy for LASIK surgery.

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B-scan Ultrasound

Ultrasound utilizes sound waves to form an image of the eye. It works in a very similar manner that sonar is used to "view" the ocean floor. High frequency sound waves (out of the range of the human ear) are emitted from a probe. The sound waves travel through eye, reflect from ocular structures back to the transducer inside the probe. The transducer receives the sound waves and converts them into the image that appears on the examiner's screen.

A-Scan
A-Scan is a one-dimensional display of sound waves. Each time a sound wave hits a structure in the eye, a spike is formed on the examiner's screen. The height and spacing between each of the echoes provides the examiner with valuable information. A-Scans are most commonly used to measure the eye length to determine the appropriate intraocular lens for cataract surgery.

B-scan
B-Scan is used to create a two- dimensional, cross-section view of the eye. Multiple sound waves are emitted from the probe allowing the examiner to visualize structures within the eye.

This instrument is extremely valuable when the doctor's view inside the eye is obstructed by blood, an extremely dense cataract, or other cloudy media.

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Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

A method of imaging in ophthalmology that uses light waves to provide cross sectional views of the interior structures of the eye (macula)

Amsler grid

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Visual Fields

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What is Vitrectomy?

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Who Performs Vitreoretinal Surgery?

Conditions Requiring Vitrectomy

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Argon laser Retinopexy and Photocoagulation

Laser retinopexy and photocoagulation is a method of sealing off retinal tears, leaking blood vessels and destroying new blood vessel growth with the help of a laser beam. This is the gold standard treatment for patients with diabetic macular edema, proliferative diabetic retinopathy or torn retina.

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Yag Laser Capsulotomy

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